Biofuels have forced global food prices up by 75% - far more than previously estimated - according to a confidential World Bank report obtained by the Guardian. The damning unpublished assessment is based on the most detailed analysis of the crisis so far, carried out by an internationally-respected economist at global financial body. The figure emphatically contradicts the US government’s claims that plant-derived fuels contribute less than 3% to food-price rises. It will add to pressure on governments in Washington and across Europe, which have turned to plant-derived fuels to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and reduce their dependence on imported oil. Senior development sources believe the report, completed in April, has not been published to avoid embarrassing President George Bush. [...] It will also put pressure on the British government, which is due to release its own report on the impact of biofuels, the Gallagher Report. The Guardian has previously reported that the British study will state that plant fuels have played a “significant” part in pushing up food prices to record levels [*6]. Although it was expected last week, the report has still not been released.Questo articolo fornisce molteplici spunti di riflessione. Primo: il perseguimento di questa politica energetica, a fronte di fallimenti acclarati e documentati, è l'ennesima dimostrazione che i governi (Usa) e le organizzazioni sopranazionali (Ue) mettono gli interessi di ristretti gruppi di persone davanti a quelli di milioni di persone. La considerazione logica che segue è se valga veramente la pena di lasciare che i governi gestiscano ogni singolo aspetto della nostra vita e se un'unione di stati (tramite Trattato) non sia quanto di più controproducente per la libertà dell'individuo. Secondo: i biocarburanti stanno giocando un ruolo fortemente distorsivo nei paesi in cui sono applicati e anche sull'economia globale. Analogamente il tentativo di regolamentare il mercato e fissare degli obiettivi (Kyoto) si rivela sempre controproducente, in quanto causa una cattiva allocazione di risorse e di beni [*7]. Terzo: non è da escludere che i capitali che fuggono dal mercato immobiliare (a proposito, le conseguenze dell'esplosione della bolla immobiliare spagnola si sentiranno a breve) confluiscano in quello dei prodotti energetici (per cui il prezzo del petrolio ha raggiunto la punta di 140 dollari al barile [*8]) e in quello dei prodotti alimentari, con ripercussione sui prezzi e quindi accelerando l’inflazione (nell’Ue ha raggiunto ufficialmente oggi il valore del 3,7 per cento, ma quella effettiva è doppia) i cui effetti sull’economia sono lampanti.
“Political leaders seem intent on suppressing and ignoring the strong evidence that biofuels are a major factor in recent food price rises,” said Robert Bailey, policy adviser at Oxfam. “It is imperative that we have the full picture. While politicians concentrate on keeping industry lobbies happy, people in poor countries cannot afford enough to eat.”
Rising food prices have pushed 100m people worldwide below the poverty line, estimates the World Bank, and have sparked riots from Bangladesh to Egypt. Government ministers here have described higher food and fuel prices as “the first real economic crisis of globalisation”. President Bush has linked higher food prices to higher demand from India and China, but the leaked World Bank study disputes that: “Rapid income growth in developing countries has not led to large increases in global grain consumption and was not a major factor responsible for the large price increases.” Even successive droughts in Australia, calculates the report, have had a marginal impact. Instead, it argues that the EU and US drive for biofuels has had by far the biggest impact on food supply and prices.
Since April, all petrol and diesel in Britain has had to include 2.5% from biofuels. The EU has been considering raising that target to 10% by 2020, but is faced with mounting evidence that that will only push food prices higher. “Without the increase in biofuels, global wheat and maize stocks would not have declined appreciably and price increases due to other factors would have been moderate,” says the report. The basket of food prices examined in the study rose by 140% between 2002 and this February. The report estimates that higher energy and fertiliser prices accounted for an increase of only 15%, while biofuels have been responsible for a 75% jump over that period.
It argues that production of biofuels has distorted food markets in three main ways. First, it has diverted grain away from food for fuel, with over a third of US corn now used to produce ethanol and about half of vegetable oils in the EU going towards the production of biodiesel. Second, farmers have been encouraged to set land aside for biofuel production. Third, it has sparked financial speculation in grains, driving prices up higher. [...]
Insomma, il caso del biodiesel è da prendere come esempio chiarificatore per valutare gli effetti negativi dell'intervento statale sul mercato. Analogamente questi documenti costituiscono anche una valida argomentazione contro chi, a fronte delle prossime bolle causate dalla facilità nell'accesso al credito [*9] e dai sussidi statali, dovesse proporre un'ulteriore regolamentazione del mercato per ridurre la libertà di agire dei singoli [*10]. Un'ultima considerazione: pare che fra le conseguenze dei sussidi all'etanolo ci sia anche la siccità [*11], vista l'alta quantità di acqua che necessita la produzione dello stesso: "Cornell University ecology professor David Pimentel says that when you count the water needed to grow the corn, one gallon of ethanol requires a staggering 1,700 gallons of H2O". Preparatevi al peggio.
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